Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Utsav Thakur, 2nd Year Student, Kolkata Medical College
An ECT machine
Well, ECT is commonly known as the 'Shock Treatment', the name of which sends down a shock down our spines. But it's not quite what it seems. Electroconvulsive therapy has been depicted in fiction partly based on true experiences. In the film One Who Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest, we have seen Jack Nicholson as Randle McMurphy undergoing ECT. In Requiem For A Dream, Ellen Burstyn as Sarah Goldfarb receives unmodified ECT after Amphetamine psychosis following prolonged stimulant abuse. In Stranger Things, Eleven's mother is given electroshock therapy to silence her. But the reality is quite different.
To start with, ECT is a psychiatric treatment where electrical stimuli induce seizures to provide relief from mental disorders.
Convulsive therapy was introduced in 1934 by Ladislas J. Meduna, a Hungarian neuropsychiatrist, who mistakenly believed that schizophrenia & epilepsy were antagonistic disorders, induced seizures first with camphor and methanol. Meduna is thought to be the father of convulsive therapy.
Italian professor of neuropsychiatry Ugo Carletti, who had been using electric shocks to produce seizures in animal experiments, and his assistant Luca Bini developed the idea of using electricity as a substitute for metronazole in convulsive therapy & in 1938 they experimented for the first time on a person affected by delusions. It was believed early on that inducing convulsion aided in helping those with severe schizophrenia but later found to be most useful with affective disorders such as depression. Thus ECT was born. Carletti and Bini were nominated for a Nobel Prize but didn't receive one.
Nowadays Modified ECT is used, where first with the informed consent of the patient, 70-120 volts are applied externally to the patient's head resulting in approximately 800 milliamperes of direct current passing through the brain for 100 milliseconds to 6 seconds duration.
A short-acting anesthetic agent (Methohexital) and a muscle relaxant (Succinyl Choline) are used. So the patient sleeps off hence no violent seizures occur.
The electrodes in ECT can be placed in bifrontal, bitemporal, or unilateral methods.
The commonest side effects include retrograde amnesia, headache, and body ache, nausea, and vomiting.
This convulsive therapy is used in conditions like -
• Severe mood disorder
• Suicidal behavior
• Catatonic symptoms
• Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
The most probable mechanism of its action is increasing Brain-derived growth factor(BDNF) and thus increasing neuroplasticity.
Public perception about ECT is generally negative.
Famous persons like Paulo Coelho, Carrie Fischer, Ernest Hemingway were treated by ECT. But public view being influenced by the media and due to the negative stereotype of the method, many people are afraid of this treatment.
It is high time to change our perception. ECT is recognized as a proven, effective, and even life-saving intervention in certain mood and thought disorders where other treatments have had little or no effect.
Video of a patient receiving ECT: https://youtu.be/9L2-B-aluCE
References:-
1. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy
2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538266/
Comments
Post a Comment